Advancement of Seafaring and Seafarer and in the NEA:

The salt is the essential for the human life. Mediterranean Sea is the source of salt and waterway for the western civilization. Phoenician started from the east, navigated through the Mediterranean coastal region, built the foundation for the western civilization. They left the precursor of alphabets and mythology of phoenix. The civilization in the NEA started around the small Salt Lake in the Shanxi province. Their use of boat and maritime history haven’t been explored yet. There are evidences that boat(舟, bae 배by Korean) had been used since prehistoric era and being used to control the epic flood in the YRVC . The same object was pronounced as chuán (船; 배 선 by Korean) in the east of Hangu Pass. Korean pronounced both characters with opening sound “bae 배” as in the family name “bae 裵” which is derived from the beam of light (非) as explored before.

According to the Shiji, they made a floating bridge with boats (造舟為梁). They used animal skin, bundle of Bamboo to make a floating device . According to Yilin (焦氏易林) and Samguk-sagi, they also used Bak(瓠; hù hú huò gū, Bak/박 by Korean) as floating device . Boat and Bak derived from the phenomena of bright. Wu the great used boat(舟) and a sledge (橇) to travel around swamp to control the epic flood . The northern barbarian (北狄) came down to the Nine Provinces developed all the basic tools, tamed the wild animals, and many logograms as explained out before .
Alien came from the east of Han-gu pass adapted the local culture, used the boat(舟) to travel around the original Nine Provinces, and named the new kingdom as Zhou (周) meaning every corner by the boat. For the practical reason, they set the capital at the middle of the territory (于中國), which is the origin of Middle Kingdom and defining point of directions . The person in the east of Zhou capital, though they were the Rong (戎; yung in Korean, same as in Carl Jung of Swiss scholar) came from the west, was name as Dong-yi which means person in the east.

Who invented the Boat and paddle?

There are contradiction stories about the maker of Boat;
Book of Han claimed the Yellow Emperor made the boat. The Books of Three Kingdoms has that Bae-ik(Dangun-Wanggum) was the original inventor of Boat (益作舟船) and Book of Later Han repeated the same story . The Kangxi dictionary has the phrase “Northern Barbarian made the large boat and provided lots of information about the boats and early inventions .

Another key element is the paddle/oar (楫: 노 즙,노 집) which also has been pronounced differently in east and west of Han-gu pass. Those logograms “楫,櫂,橈” referring paddle share the common opening sound Noh (노, No by Korean) as in Noa or Oar. The material ought to be light but strong and flexible. They got it from the East of Xiechi. They used the tree similar to the Black locust grown by the King’s court called Long Live Citadel (汾陽有萬歲宮)in Taiyuan, the Shanxi province . The creek (水) passing by this citadel was named as Yae (濊) Creek. The citadel of long live had been occupied by the Yaemaek people for a long time. This tree (杻. 一名檍, 참죽 나무, 가죽나무literally true and false Chuk tree by Korean) commonly known as Tree of heaven has many nick names and been used as many valuable commodities to make the wheel, Bow, Boat and paddle. Young leaf is edible. As the bright star appears around 1-3 O’clock (杻, 丑時) direction by the tree(歲木) in day light, local leaders paid annual tax (幣帛) to the king. Hence, the star got the name Jupiter(木星), literally the tree star . The story was related to the King Wu Ding (武丁)of Shang who found the wise man Fùyuè (傅說. 傅說; 부열Buyuel by Korean, literally pleasure or teacher from the grotto巖)in the Shanxi Province . The annual event to pay the tax was described as “shú孰” by Yae people (隸). The logogram was changed to “shóu 熟” by adding fire radical . Korean read the logogram “suì 歲 as He Sae” literally sun and a year.
This annual event was the event carried on by the Suk shin(肅愼) tribe since ancient time. Mencius claimed this custom as the way of mò dào (貊道) which is the defining moment, one tenth of income as an annual tax for the steppe people for the priest . Mencius objected and recommend tax rate to the emperor to twenty percent.

Alien came from the east of Han-gu pass adapted the local transportation method used the boat(舟) to travel around the original Nine Provinces and named the new kingdom as Zhou (周) came from the boat .
Zhou clan struggle to cross over the Wei Creek . Distal part of the Wei Creek draining to the Yellow River was turbulent . Locals living in the Nine provinces should develop effective paddling devices. The 4th King Zhao of Zhou (周昭王; 995-977 BC) attempted to punish southern barbarian, but was drowned at the Han River passing by the Yang-yang region . It was the end of peaceful era.
The etymology of Zhou is another PLCs of Boat (舟) as written in the Guangyun (廣韻) and floating device Bak(瓠) is in the Korean language. It is a phonetic variant of sun-ray or beam of light.

Who crossed over the Sea of Hahn(翰海 瀚海) first time?:
Emperor Qin failed to cross over the Long River by boat. He and Emperor Wu of Han sent many boats to the sea to obtain mythical plants to live long, but failed. Crossing over the Sea of Hahn could be one of the most challenging and very important events for the ruler.
During the end of Eastern Han era, Gong-sun du forced his seaman with small boat to depart Tianjin port (天津: literally port for the ultimate ruler) to the Sea of Hahn, most likely for the same reason to get the mythical plants. The seaman never came back .

Eastern Shore of Hahn-Hae:
Chen Shou described both east and west side of Hahn-Hae. Dong-yi section has unbelievable distance of ocean voyage for months and years without describing the details of equipment and devices . It appears that they used the device, directing North and South, which was used during the legendary battle. The primitive compass could well be used by Dong-yi along with Seasonal wind, ocean current (海流) and bright objects in the sky. Chen Shou used the phrase “乍南乍東” on the way to the Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago. The phrase means pass the southern Manchuria and changed the direction to the south than to due east. Had they continued without changing direction, the boat would be landed in the northeastern shore of Shandong Province where mythical Three Mountains are as in the sea of Hahn. People in the Shandong province had known these islands even before the Emperor Qin. Book of Han has that Joseon went into the sea after Han invasion . Dong-yi seafarers navigated several months to year and came back. They must navigate along the shore, have kept enough water and food on the boat. He also provided accurate direction of the Japanese archipelago as directly due east from the Kuaiji (會稽), that is the Hangzhou Bay of China.

Western Shore of Hahn-Hae:
Chen Shou didn’t describe the details nor navigation along the east coast of the Continent. It is written briefly in the Sun Quan section.
King Gogukcheon of Goguryeo (故國川王, r. 179–197) received delegates from Sun Quan (孫權:182- 252) in the south. They must have the ways and means to navigate to and from along the east cost of continent. It appears that Balgi (拔奇) was the one who open the sea route. He was the first son of King Sindae(新大王 伯固: r. 165–179) and elder brother of King Gogukcheon. After losing the battle for the crown prince, he went to Gongson clan in Liaodong, that is the Gate to the Sea . He went down to the south of the continent, settled in the bank of Long River(拔奇之津), associated with elder brother of Sun Quan. Another word, not the Goguryeo, continental Biryu Baekjae traded with Sun Quan along the coastal waterway to southern China.
Near the end of Eastern Han era, the Sun Quan (孫權:182- 252) built gigantic ships, sent secret delegates to Goguryeo in the Tianjin Bay back and forth. Goguryeo in Manchuria also sent 84 horses on boat, because their boat wasn’t big enough to accommodate hundreds of horses . Sun Quan sent 10,000 armored soldiers of armada to the sea heading to the east. A group arrived into the Taiwan Island came back. But the team went out the island of Dan (亶洲) which appears to be further east never came back . There are some plausible evidences that few groups of Three Hahn had settled in the South east coastal region of China. One example is the phrase “百濟及薛羅, 休忍等諸國” in the Book of Jin . The same names appear in the Sixteen Country record . It means that lots of town states along the SW shore of North Sea that had been hidden for a while(休忍) revolted. They spread down to the south along the east coast of Continental China, and built small town states. Chinese leader attempted to cross over the Sea of Hahn without success. They couldn’t use the seasonal wind effectively. Neither the ocean current didn’t allow straight easterly navigation from the Chinese eastern seaport.
The Book of Jin(晉書) had stated that descendants of Three Hahn visited Jin Court in the south. All of them were in the Balhae bay didn’t need to cross over the Sea of Hahn. The Song era nursery rhyme(童謠)had that the seafarer navigating to Goguryeo .

Chinese historiographies concealed the descendants of Hahn who control the Ocean and coastal region of China. Few names of Buyeo descendants appeared centuries later.
Sima Yi (司馬懿; 179-251) who was the regent of the state of Wei mobilized the local Hahn-Ye (韓穢)people living along the coastal region, captured Gongson Yuan in 238. Chen Shou recorded the friendly King of Wei Bimiho “親魏倭王卑彌呼”, who sent four men and six female of POWs to the Cao Wei court. In fact, she was the Queen of Baekjae in the Jolbon Buyeo. POWs could be their mutual enemy.
The evidence is in the Book of Jin: The Queen Bimiho was the Gongson clan destroyed by Sama Yi (宣帝) in the Citadel of Yang-pyeong, sent delegates to the Daifang (帶方) , and met the commanding general of Cao Wei. The sent delegates again to the Western Jin court . Chen Shou concealed the Biryu Baekjae by changing the family name Buyeo of Baekjae to Gongson or Wae.
The mythical Queen Bimiho lived in the Easter Wei (東倭) as written in the Book of Jin. Chen Shou used different wording to conceal Wei in the Western (西倭). A group of Hahn (汗人, 汗國)was described as Wei (倭人, 倭國) in the Tianjin region where Gongson Clan lived and Balgi went.
Gongson Du married to the Princess of Buyeo. Chaekgye (責稽王, r. 286–298) of Baekjae said that his ancestor married to the prince of Daebang . Some of Baekjae kings got the title Duke of Daebang. It is apparent that the Gongson clan and Biryu Baekjae had shared the same bloodline. Sima Yi’s grandson made marriage alliance with friendly Wei (親魏倭) both in the east and west . It is the seed of the revolt, extended to the Disaster of Yongjia in 311 and downfall of Western Jin in 316.
The Chinese history ignored the role of Hahn-Yae people and named as the period of Five Hu Sixteen Countries (五胡十六國). The Hahn-Yae people settled along the coastal region, control the body of sea route. In fact, there had been more then sixteen countries at that time. Baekjae had two capitals in the east and west of the HahniHae. But nation of Baekjae couldn’t be found at that time period. The book of Song left an evidence that the Murong (慕容) clan of Xianbei tribe built HQ (黃龍)near by the Xianbei Mountain. Baekjae defeated them . King Jeonji (r. 405–420) and Biyu (毗有王: r. 427–455) of Baekjae sent delegates to the Song court. The last delegates were sent in 417. His son Gaero (蓋鹵王, 455–475) attempted to send a letter for help before his death at the Han Citadel (漢城) by the Goguryeo king Jangsu .
The Tongdian (通典) has that the Silla sent delegates to the Emperor Wu of Liang first time in the year of 521escorted by the Baekjae delegates . Liang was one of the Southern dynasties.
Descendants of Buyeo King Wei gu dae(夫餘王尉仇台) who built the strong nation amongst Dong-yi crossed over the Sea of Hahn. They explored Okinawa in the SE and Sri Lanka to the SW through the sea of Hahn. Group of Silla and Gara people from the mainland China sailed down to the SE Asia arrived in the Sri Lanka. They met Persian merchant who left the epic love story Kushnameh in Persia. The place is in the name “Kus” where elephants were roaming. Princess name rang (郞) as in the princess Nakrang and Kayanian reveal that she was from Gaya.
The epic love story Kushnameh. The place is in the name “Kus” where elephants were roaming. Princess name rang and Kayanian reveal that she was from Gaya.

In summary: Dong-yi developed boat to navigated through the sea of Hahn. They crossed over from the tip of Liaodong peninsula to the north shore of Shandong Province through the chain of islands known as Three Devin Mountains before the Qin unified China. They built the skill to navigate long distance through the sea of Hahn to the open sea. The shortest and earliest sear route across the Sea of Hahn was from the Southern tip through the chain of islands to the north shore of Shandong peninsula. They extended the sea route from the entrance of current Daedong River, where the capital of Onjo (peninsula) Baekjae had been in the Korean peninsula, to the northeastern shore of Shandong peninsula . This route was impaired after Baekjae lost the southern tip of Liaodong peninsula to Goguryeo as seen in the last letter from the king Gaero of Baekje (蓋鹵王: died 475 AD) who was in the ancient capital (北岸狗邪韓國, 漢城; the Northern bank of current Daedong River), to the Tuoba Wei (拓跋魏), Later Wei (後魏, 元魏: 386 to 534) in the northern China .
They desperately needed alternative route and found the southern route; most likely from the Ningbo(寧波市) in the southern coast region of China to the SW of Korean peninsula was achieved during the last period of Liu Song dynasty (劉宋;420–479) as written in the Book of Song one . All those routes have been in use ever since. The name Jeju-do (濟州島) appears to be an evidence of Northern Qi(北齊) of Biryu descendants in the continent. Many names in the Korean peninsula reveal the seafarers’ influence as the Han River (漢江) passing through the Seoul. Korean called the Jeju-do as Tamna, Han River as Arisu.
As Buddhism coming to China, they took the silk road. Since nomadic tribes were active in the north China Plan, they took the SW coastal sea route to reach Eastern Jin. Since then, southern Chinese culture spread down to the southeast Asia and islands.

End