Reassessment of the Yellow Scarves Uprising(黃巾起):

Buddhism came to China during the beginning of Later Han dynasty.
There are ample of circumstantial evidences that Idea of Buddhism came from the Khan Tengri region. It is a human nature to search their root. Most likely, the Buddhist in the NE of India follow footsteps of their legend. They went to the west toward Persia, met the Zoroaster, and learned that they came from the north over the Hindukush. They reached the Khan Tengri region through the Karakoram Pass and learned that the idea of enlightenment associated with Three Bright subjects came from the east known as Jindan (震旦) where the sun arise . As arriving in Dunhuang (敦煌), they realized that the word Jindan and idea of enlightenment from the person whom they called the Hwan-du (讙頭, 鴅吺, 驩兜) that is Dangun . The ideographs Dunhuang (敦煌) means the place where the Head of Hwan(桓, 驩兜)provided ritual service to the heaven .
They arrived in the capital Chang’an(長安) of Han and started to propagate to the locals who believe the Three Bright Objects as the god. Local faith was spelled out as the ideology of Hwang and Lao(黃老言, 黃老思想) which is emerged since the birth of Old Joseon and very different then modern day definition of Religion . The locals in the birth place of Dangun Joseon followed the law of nature, but the essence had been lost already through the first three “夏,殷,周” regimes . He also cited the names of Taoist pioneers and Laozi. Laozi should be interpreted as plural; meaning the Elders.
Though the origin of current Tao Te Ching (道德經) is on debate, the Golden figurine was the idol for the locals. Only a few phrases of original teaching were engraved on the back of metal figurine (金人銘) that Confucius had seen in the eastern Zhou court . It is the teaching of Hwanung (桓雄, 旦 from the west), but Chinese claim that as of Yellow Emperor. Since the teaching was very broad and suggestive, many interpretations had emerged, and very popular. Eastern Han scholars adapted the Omen theory (圖讖說) into the folk faith to expand their territory .
As the Eastern Han was corrupted, locals revolted in 184 by mobilizing their Millenia old faith . It erupted from the Xingtai region in North China by Zhang Jue (鉅鹿人張角) and his brothers . They set the HQ in the Yiwulü Mountain (黑山, 醫無閭山) nearby the Skeleton Capital which was the capital of King Ugeo of Joseon. It is also the birth place of Buyeo and founding father of Goguryeo.
It was very natural for the oppressed people to stand up against oppressor. Their movement got lots of support from the Old Joseon territory and spread out Northern China Plan . Even southern war lord Sun Jian (孫堅) got involved to fight against the Yellow Scarves Uprising to protect Han court . He had two sons; Ce and Quan. The younger one Quan(孫權: 182-252) became the King of Sun Wu.

Yellow Scarves Rebellion (黃巾之亂) is derogatory name equivalent as to the Redneck in the American history.

The Yellow Scarves Uprising armed with folk religion:
Most scholars interpreted the Taoism as their faith. In fact, they armed with millennia old folk religion. The essence of their faith, though interpretation had been murky, was the Three Deity ideology (三神思想) based upon the Three Bright subjects (三神,日月星 三辰) in the sky. They adapted Three Deity concept to the leaders and named; as commander from the Heaven, of the earth, and for the people .

The Buddhism came in to the China at the beginning of the Eastern Han started to adapt the folk religion. Since the Buddhism came mainly through the sea route to the southern China during the later-year of Jin Dynasty, they converted to same phonetics of “shin; 神, 辰, 震旦” and leader Hwan-du (讙頭, 鴅吺, 驩兜) to different semantics Trikāya doctrine (三身) meaning three body of leader.

The third king Yuri of Silla (儒理尼師今, r. 24–57) was very popular, they sang for Do-Sol(兜率歌), which is the welcome song for the leader came from the Heaven with lots of supporting staffs. It is the beginning of Silla folk Song.
The leader had been described with many ideographs. The ideograph Mi “彌” is one of them as in the Shaman Queen Bimiho. Buddhism was getting popular throughout the Eastern Han and thereafter. They made a new name Maitreya “彌勒; 미륵” Miruek by Korean. Miruek (彌勒) is a compound ideographs, meaning the leader (彌: 弓，爾) of Eurasian nomadic (勒; 絡也) people with a Large Bow . The 5th King Chogo (肖古王: r. 166–214) of Baekjae built a large courtyard building “彌勒大院” in the Haeha(海河) watershed area in 171. It was around the Tianjin vicinity where the Sama clan had kept their power base . That region had been the homeland of Yaemaek (貊國) people for long time . The elder brother Biryu (沸流王) came down from Skeleton Capital in Manchuria and settled around the Old capital of Joseon recorded as Michu-hol(彌鄒忽) in Samguk Sagi. Descendants of the leader Mi(彌) who had kept the capital (今彌達)in the Taehang mountain relocated to the SW shore of Balhae Bay.
The citadel of Michu(彌鄒城) is engraved in King Gwanggaeto Stele . Korean set the biggest Maitreya (彌勒佛) statue in the Baekjae territory. Miruek (彌勒) is associated with ancient Silla folk song“兜率歌”, and the Nation of Yixie (伊西國), era of Gongson clan .
As the Sama clan ran down to the south, the Continental Baekjae and some of Three Hahn descendants also moved down and settled to the Eastern Bank (江東, 江左) of Long River in the continent.

The word Mireuk(彌勒; Maitreya-nātha by Buddhist) was used as the Yiwen Leiju summarizing the Buddhism in the China. It was applied to one of the great Buddhist philosopher and missionary who came through the sea route to Shanghai region . Someone in China had to translate the Buddhist text to Chinese text. Dao’an (道安, 釋道安; 312–385) and his mentor, Fotudeng (佛圖澄, 浮圖澄; ca. 232–348 CE) did the transcripts. Dao’an (道安, 釋道安; 312–385) from the Confucian family had converted to the Buddhism and studied under the renowned Buddhist monk Fotudeng (佛圖澄; ca. 232–348 CE) in the capital city Luoyang (洛陽市) of Jin. They ought to apply PLCs and PSMCs to the Buddhist scriptures.
As the Disaster of Yongjia erupted in 311, Fotudeng tamed the wild leader Shi Le (石勒; 274–333, Suk-Reuk by Korean) of Later Zhao with folk wisdom known as “弘法”, literally Great Law . It is very similar to the “弘益人間” associated to the birth of Old Korea. The teaching of new Buddhist sect Trikāya doctrine (彌勒三身, 三身佛, 彌勒三生, 彌勒三部經) is very similar to the traditional Korean folk religion.

Downfall of Yellow Scarves Uprising:

The uprising broke out in 184 AD and spread out whole north China plan. Their slogan invited massive support for the Han Emperor from his high officers, and war lords. The Yellow Scarves Uprising was the spark of fire. It provided moral justification for the warlord to stand up and was the beginning the era of Three Kingdoms. It took, though the main Uprising was suppressed by 185 AD, 21 years to put down. Buddhism flourished during this long period of social unrest in the NEA.
The minister Cao Cao of Eastern Han consolidated power. Cao Bi, took the Imperial Seal from the Eastern Han in 220. As a result, Buddhism got the strong support throughout the period of North and South Dynasty, and spread out over the Sea of Hahn to Korea and Japanese isles. Rise and Fall of Gongson Clan around the Gate to the Sea related to this movement.
The name and the color of the rebels were derived from the local faith. It marked an important point in the history of Taoism and Buddhism in the NEA.
The 14th-century historical novel, Romance of the Three Kingdoms (三國 演義) described the role of the leaders in detail. They used as metaphor of Three Bright subject, and used as a Nick names of them.
Yellow Scarves and Yellow Colors were the symbol of Local Faith based upon the teaching of Hwanung, which Buddhism adapted to spread its faith. The characteristics of Buddhism in the NEA is the word Zen (禪) meaning meditation in front of Dan(單) figurine on the altar(祭壇). The ideograph Zen (禪; 礻：單) and Prince of Xiongnu Jin Midi (金日磾;134–86 BC) reveal the meaning of Xiongnu chief.
The leader of the Nomadic Steppe people pray to the Three bright subjects (日月星) in the sky.
The essence of meditation is to perceive the law of nature for the benefit of others and emphasizes rigorous self-restraint. They adapted Hongik Ingan(弘益人間) ideology from the legendary ruler Hwanwong in the Korean mythology. Traditional Korean faith was named as YuBulSeon(儒佛仙) that is three teachings of Confucian, Buddha and Xiān (仙: Seon: same phonetics as in Joseon) referring Dangun Wanggeom. Chen Shou described the Sky Opening Day in Buyeo as similar to the Chinese worshipping Buddha; everyone wears white outfits . Ideograms “黃, 白, 黑” representing color are all originated as a variant of PLC Ba (白狄, 北狄) as explained .

Buddhism in the China had faced persecutions as well.
The first major persecution appeared during the Northern Wei (北魏太武帝; 拓拔燾; 408–452) of Xianbei dynasty. The family name Tuoba (拓拔) is derived from the Asadal, which was the capital of Joseon.
It was a religious war between the native and alien who misused the millennia old local faith. The king was a capable ruler, doubled in size, and united all of northern China, thus ending the Sixteen Kingdoms period and, together with the southern dynasty Liu Song, started the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of ancient China history. He was a devout Taoist. He ordered the abolition of Buddhism in 444. Despite of such achievement, history used derogative ideographs for him such as his name Bili (白樓) to Buri (佛貍) and wèi lǔ (魏虜), literally Bi fak and Wei the captured retrospectively . They were enslaved and left many engravings during the era of Western Zhou. They moved from Dunhuang (敦煌) to the east, through the Manchuria and settled in the Korea.
Mireuk temple was the largest Buddhist temple in the ancient kingdom of Baekjae in the Korean Peninsula in 602. The word Mireuk(彌勒) has been used in the Korean peninsula as they stood up against the ruler and uprisings.
Gung Ye (弓裔: r.901–918) became a rebel leader against the unpopular Silla government, built a new nation Jindan (震國, 摩訶震檀) which is the same phonetics and semantics of Jindan in the western part of China. He claimed himself as Maitreya Buddha, who came to the world to guide and save the suffering people from all hardship .
Dong-Hak(東學) Uprising during the last part of Joseon dynasty used the ideology of Mireuk(彌勒), that is all men are equal under the sun(人乃天) inherent to the millennia old Korean faith. They stood up against corrupted Rhee dynasty cronies in 1894. Religion is still in use very often for political movements in the NEA.
In Short: the word Mireuk emerged from the old Ye-Maek territory as another name of their leader. Since the new sect of Buddhism came through the Sea Route, Mireuk sin ang (彌勒信仰) is dominant in the southern coastal region of Korean peninsula and practiced more than the northern part as veneration of saints. The ideology originated from the Dangun Wanggeom (壇君王儉), the founding father of Korea.

End

May 4th, 2020