Introduction.

Main text-1:
There have been many political revolts and revisionist in the academic fields throughout history. because the existing regime was out of common sense. Traditional interpretation about the Old Joseon is out of common sense. The Korean legend has that the leader Tai-Baek came down to the peak of mountain (降於太伯山頂) and married to Yung -nyeo(熊女), literally female bear. They flipped word order, misinterpreted abbreviation, and paused at the wrong place as Tai-Baek mountain (太伯山) and interpreted as the tallest mountain in the Manchurian border known as Baekdu mountain (白頭山), literally White Head Mountain..
There have been a group of historians specializing in a specific field or region. The word regional historian specialized in a specific region of the country (鄕土史) is commonly used around the world, but not in Korea. They used the word “在野史學者”, literally hermit historians who are revisionists against the core academic history society (講壇史學者) for long time. The Buddhist monk compiled the Samguk Yusa after the official History of the Three Kingdoms, Samguk Sagi (三國史記) had appeared in 1145. This official record of Korean history was compiled by the group of scholars appointed by the king’s court. It doesn’t mention the origin of Korean people, but started only from the Three Kingdoms of Korea since the 1st century BC. Those two books are the oldest surviving chronicles of Korean history. The Buddhist monk Il-Yeon was the first hermit historian in Korea. Few others followed throughout the Goryeo (高麗) and Joseon Dynasty. As western Catholicism (天主敎) came to the China though the sea route, Korean Confucian scholars met the reform movement known as Silhak (實學派) in late 17 century of the Joseon (朝鮮)Dynasty in the Korean peninsula. They came up with few versions of Korean historiographies. The country name Korea was introduced to the western world during the Goryeo dynasty. The phonetics of word Goryeo was recorded as Corea by the European countries and Korea in English.
Hwandan Gogi (桓檀古記) compiled by Gye Yeon-su (계연수, 桂延壽; ? – 1920) in 1911 is the most publicized non-official historiography on ancient Korean history. Flaw of this text is the lack of references and source of primary information.
They couldn’t accept the official version of historiography. Many scholars have attempted to find out the birthplace of Old Joseon for a long time, but failed. It is reasonable to speculated that they didn’t have a will to tackle the question, or used a wrong methodology. The method ought to be designed to resolve the question related to the event of time and place. The Old Joseon emerged during the transitional period as the oral history converted to the written history, not in the Africa nor Europe, but in the Northeast Asia. The essence of oral history is the language of the locals who use to live at the time and place of epic flood in China. There are handful of written records which could confirm the events, time and place of epic flood. As seen in the name of Corea to Korea and Cathy to Kathy, local phonetics play very important role in the process of record keeping. Westerners struggled to come up with correct spelling of foreign language. Phonetic language is easier than the romanization of Chinese Logograms. Korean linguist while in the Harvard Yenching Institute had suggested the concept of local Phonetics being used as the Standard Romanization. The same concept was adapted in Korea without considering the Korean and Chinese are very different language and writing system. Hence, good number of Koreans revolt against the official announcement. Since the Chinese are logogram with meanings attached, translation to the phonetic language ought to be based upon the meaning, not phonetics of the logogram using by the locals. For example. The logogram “倭wēi wō wǒ” has been used in many ancient scriptures, and interpreted as the archaic form of character representing the current Japanese. It is a compound logogram of person and a high position (倭; 亻 委:wēi wō wǒ), that means a leader commonly being described with the character “韓, 汗” and Anglicized as Hahn or Khan. Meaning of the same logogram has been recorded as “高, 魏, 吳, 元”so on .
Same meaning had been described to different logograms. So does one logogram to many meanings and different phonetics and often lip flopped.
To find out such evidences in the scriptures, all the records dealing with ancient History and Culture need to be examined under the birds’ eye view.
There is a very unusual name called gǔ dōu(骨都), literally Skull Capital in the Records of the Three Kingdoms . By reading over the text and other scriptures related to the event, time, and place. Chen Shou (陳壽 233-297) made the name the capital of King Ugeo (魏右渠, ?- died 108 BC) of Joseon in Manchuria. It is obvious that the first logogram is an adjective made by Chen Shou to conceal the fact. It could be interpreted as semantics as skull or one of PLCs of gǔ meaning old. The gǔ dōu(骨都) is the “訖升骨城” in the Samguk Yusa . The ancestor of King Ugeo was Wuhan(烏桓, 烏丸; 烏亘?) people who used to live in the Shanxi Province, settled in the south western part of Manchuria, and faced massive atrocity. Descendants built might Khitan Empire (契丹國: 916 to 1125) also known as Liao dynasty.
The name Skull Capital is a tip of iceberg: Emperor Wu of Han (30–87 BC) allowed massive killing. Old Joseon people had to ran away as written in the Book of Han “朝鮮在海中. 居北方胡之域”, literally Joseon (韓)in the sea, Hu(東胡) settled in the north .
They left their old custom in the new place they settled. One good example is the TOTEMPOLE scattered around all over the north east Asia, Russian Far East and West coast of new land America.

December 3rd, 2019.

Introduction(draft). Main text-2:
To get the whole picture without missing any evidences, the investigator should extend panoramic view to scan the overall picture, approach the target and draw multi-dimensional panoramic moving picture for analysis. In conceptual sense, it ought to include the domain of philosophy, lexicology and Epistemology of history.
Fact finding mission has two prongs: The most common and easy way is the visible matters. The other is nonvisible concept.
There are millions of questions spread out as wide as oceans can be. Yet, answer to the questions could be categorized to Four groups; namely Right or Wrong, Good or Bad, Beautiful or ugly, and unable to delineate or toss-up. That is the beginning of statistics. By going back to the questions of each answers, it came down to the classic Four branches of the study categorized by the Greek scholars; Philosophy學文, Metaphysics形而上學 which means study beyond (而上) visible objects(形), physics which is the study of visible objects (形), ethics, esthetics, and govern (治) which could be summarized as the Art of War (兵法) and Changes(易) in the far east.
How to define History:
As discussing any issues relating to the Korean history, both groups of scholars use all those Four Groups of Answers. Therefore, it is reasonable to claim that Study of History is THE MOTHER OF ALL SCIENCES AND LIBERAL ARTS.
There are three major subsets of historians, so as in the medical field. Someone who attempt to find out facts could be equivalent to the research-oriented physician. History teacher to the clinicians, and official government appointed historian to the physician emphasizing epidemiology and management.
Every subsets of historian ought to write report namely historiography. Their reports, though unbiased or nonpartisan open minded, do have their ethical value and social norm embedded at the given time and place. Hence, STUDY OF HISTORY IS THE MOTHER OF ALL SCIENCE AND LIBERAL ARTS.
(***This paper amends onto the “Birth place of Old Joseon ”, which was explored first time in the “Ancient History of Northeast Asia Redefined.東北亞 古代史 新論” published August, 2018.)
How to study History:
The study subject of historian is the Written Records compiled with many characters. Historical fact-finding mission ought to include Non-visible one by extending conceptual net as wide as it can be. Thereafter narrow down the conceptual spare to define as a small place and time. Once got them all in the net, they would sort out by many groups for further analysis.
Historical events are sequence of events in a given share of time and place. The fact- finding study method has to follow the time line to recall the order of events occurred in past. It is the way of GO (圍碁, 囲碁,바둑 by Korean)player does. Location, Timing and sequence of movements are the key to win the Go game. The proposed new study method is not “1+1=2” type of simple math, but far advanced one based on a series of syllogism. Timing and sequence of movement is the key of success in GO game.
Timing and sequence of movement (攸敘, 所序) is the most difficult matter in strategy . Reconstruction of the historical event ought to be the same as Recall of GO game.
Historians ought to arrang the scattered dots obtained from the given share of time and place as “Recall of GO game” and write an essay. Other historians will make a judgement and come up with the word a GOOD, not bad historiography.
As the Human being is the study subjects in the medical field, written language is the toy for the historian to play with. Lexicology of YRVC needs to be explored. The oral history carried on from the old generation to the next in the region of YRVC in China called the ancient Nine Provinces. The size of Nine Provinces should be defined. Though some linguist claimed that Tungusic Language speaking people used to live in the northern China plan and Mongolia, no clear evidences were presented yet. By looking over Chinese dictionaries, lots of ancient logograms had been pronounced same as the way of current Korean language. One example is the family name Wie (魏,衛, 危) as in the lady gold star player Michelle Wie. Phonetic of Wie has been described with many other logograms such as “魏,衛, 危, 吳, 倭, 微” and so on. It is the same family name of the demised King Ugeo of Joseon in 108 BC. Those PLCs of Korean language meaning “high, on top of, above, above of” are in ancient Chinese scriptures. Though tone and rhythm couldn’t be confirmed, it is reasonable to speculate that some of ancient scriptures could be compiled under the Korean syntax. Yes, indeed. This phenomenon explored well in the books published in Korean and English in the past . The Book of Changes (易)and good number of poems in the Classic Poetry(詩經) were under the Korean syntax . Many of them had been tempered. The original dictionary being used in Korea is the Ok-Pyeon (玉篇), literally Piece of Jade, with ancient Tungusic language which was described as the language of Hai(解, 奚, 楷書, 何語) People by Chinese .
Historian: Qualification, responsibility and limits.
Ancient scriptures were compiled by the scholars. The most outstanding scholars approved by the Emperor commonly known as The Scholar (五經博士)wrote the official historiographies. They were elegant and also arrogant to whom no one could challenge, but wanted to be. Those traditions had been in the NEA for long time. Higher education is the back bone of NEA culture and success in the modern world society. There are many unwanted side effects, so does in the western world including politics and wealth management. Some might call the current century as the cross-road of free competition, capitalism and democracy.
Focus is on the higher education and high society: Ethical guideline had been the back-bone of the physician since dawn of western civilization, but not in the NEA. Korean ancestor set the unique ethical guideline “Hongik Ingan; 弘益人間”, literally “Broadly Benefit Humanity/Devotion to Human Welfare. Or Live and work for the benefit of all mankind “. It wasn’t implemented, but over ran by the Confucian dominant government till late 19th century.
The society ought to discuss the Qualification, responsibility and limits of historian. Academic society must have their own Ethical guideline, before the government steps in. Crime and punishment ought to be established.
Fallacy of Liùshū (六書):
The logograms Liushu (六書) have been translated as the standard classification for Chinese characters to six groups. It is misnomer by misinterpretation. The logogram “六; liù” is another PLC of “陸; lù liù”, which is an abbreviation of “大陸”meaning the continent, as written in the Shiji by the Grand Historian . The clear evidence is in the Book of Khitan (契丹國志) who spoken Tungusic language . They described the Dice as Double Six (雙六) and father as a-bo-ji (阿保機) same as northeastern Korean dialect. It spelled out that their ancestors came from the Original Nine Provinces where the Tungusic Language was spoken.
By looking over the introduction of Shuo Wen Jie Zi (說文解字 序), eight different shapes or styles(書有八體) were noticed. The official and clerical style(六曰署書, 八曰隸書) were included among those eight styles . Yet, they put those two as one and concealed the fact that locals used different language and influence. Interpreting Liùshū (六書) as Six principles of making Chinese logogram is fallacy.
The true meaning of Liùshū (六書) is the way of writing text (文章, 書契) by the people living in the northern Shanxi province, that was named as Slave State and simplified as Ye(隸). There are only Three Ways of making logograms . Other three are the way of making a compound logogram and a phrase. In fact, Korean call the writing as [GEUL글, meaning scratch] which is equivalent to the logograms “書 and契” as in the “契約書”, meaning western version of engraved crave on the stone.
Size of original Nine Provinces:
Chinese scholars had been exaggerating a lot to please the Emperor in every sense. The size of Nine Provinces (九州) is one example. But the geographic terrain said it all. The location of the Nine Provinces is confirmed in between Shanxi and Shaanxi Province(陝西省) stretching to the west of Xian . It is a sickle shape of arable land along the Fen river and Wei River draining to the Yellow River in the west of Hangu-pass.
According to the Huainanzi, the size of Nine Provinces were merely 1000-squire ri which could be not more than fity times of the Xiechi pool(解池) in the Shanxi Province . Most likely the Xiechi pool(解池) was the eastern end. The North eastern end was where the fenshui (汾水) drained to the Yellow River and creates the freshwater marsh. According to Guanzi, it was the territory of the ancient emperor who lived in the center of Nine Provinces.
Three respectable classics (說文解字, 水經注•涑水, 太平御覽) also have the same measurement about the size of Xiechi pool . By converting 10 ri as 4km, size of the Xiechi was about 5km long, 3 wide, and 27 km around.
End.
December 6th, 2019

Introduction(draft). Main text-3

Chinese hermeneutics(訓詁學):
Since the ancient scriptures had been compiled under PLCs and PSMCs, later Han (後漢, 東漢) scholars faced a major dilemma to interpret the texts.
The logograms “訓詁學” means the study of old word and meanings, had been described with different syntax and many characters such as “訓告; 訓故, 故訓, 詁訓, 解故, 解詁” and limited to only a few Chinese scholars. Those logograms meaning Chinese hermeneutics provide complexity of language, syntax and way of writing under the Liùshū principle. They said that by changing “故訓” to “詁訓”, true meaning of the poem has missed . The Neo-Confucian scholars of Eastern Han debated over a million of characters (論難百餘萬言). Most likely lots of characters were misinterpreted at that time and the tradition has been carried on to the other scholars .
Interpretation of one logogram is simpler then interpreting a phase which were compounded more than two logograms. Syntax plays an important role as shown in the abstract. Sinologists all around the world accept the way Chinese scholars had interpreted certain logogram without any objection. One example of the logogram Gyi(暨: jì, kei3 ,gyì) as in Gyi Joseon (暨朝鮮). By looking over the text and analyzing the logogram under the Liùshū principle, this logogram was used as an adjective meaning early morning sunrise. They removed the tip at the left top of logogram from the original one (曁: 旣,旦). Yet, Chinese scholars interpreted these two as the same one and interpreted as a connecting word AND. It is violation of the rule and out of common sense. Someone changed. Who changed the logogram; When and Why. It is another mystery unanswered. The origin of Chinese hermeneutics is rooted in to please the emperors. They made the landmark dictionary Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字) during the era of Later Han . Language has four major components; namely sound, tone, rhythm, and syntax. At the end of Sixteen Kingdoms from 304 to 439 CE, Sui dynasty emerged and started to revise the dictionary under the name of Tone and Rhythm. They made lots of new characters, new interpretation, and way of pronunciation on to the old logograms.
Evolution of dictionaries is another big subject. It is originated from the Chinese hermeneutics. The first Chinese-Korean dictionary is the Jade Piece (玉篇) dictionary. Recently, native Chinese scholars are discussing Chinese hermeneutics. Sinologists around the world ought to get involve in this subject. Ching-i Tu (涂經詒) used the word “Russian Doll, labyrinth” expressing the nature of Chinese hermeneutics as a slippery slope. They treated scholars as a sage .

December 8rd, 2019.

Introduction(draft).

Main text-4
Logic is the tool invented to resolve disputes.
Scholars puzzled how the Chinese had survived without their own religion. Others wandered about the Chinese logics. The “White Horse Not Horse (白馬非馬) Dialogue” is the irony of Chinese logic. It is the result of misusing logograms and sentence written under different syntax. Ancient language in the YRVC and Chinese Lexicology ought to be considered.

They used same phonetics with many different PLCs and same meanings to different logograms. The PLCs were flip-flopped to many PSMCs.
The phonetic of logogram (非:fēi fěi / fei1/ *biəi. 비, 빛 by Korean) is bi-shi -ye(不是也. 부싯돌?-flint stone,불씨?비시야-빛이야 by Korean) that means beam of light. The phonetic of logogram (非:fēi fěi / fei1/ *biəi. 비, 빛 by Korean) is bi-shi -ye(不是也. 부싯돌?-flint stone,불씨?비시야-빛이야 by Korean) that means beam of light. It is an ideographic(指事) in origin, derived from the sun-ray “金文作 兆, 晁, 朝” All those logograms having “非 in them” have the same meanings are coming down from the sky embedded. Pertinent derivatives such as rain(비가 온다) and hair comb(참빗, 머리를 빗어라) are still in use.

It was also one of family names of Boyi’s descendants (非子，伯益之後); There are many family names originated from the phonetics of “非”, such as (嬴) of the Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇. 嬴政) and jiāng (江, 呂姜), that is Gang (강), Bae(배, 裴) by Korean . Dictionaries have many other such examples of misinterpretation recorded as proof(考證) of certain characters .
The family name Bae(배, 裴) is originated from the North shore of Xiechi pool ended up in the Korean peninsula as one of Six Original family names in the beginning of Silla Dynasty. It (裴) is combination of two logograms, has the meaning of Priest wearing long garment and pray to the heavenly god, lights. Many Korean family names originated in the Shanxi province. Some of them ended up in Japan.

Defining point of time and place:
It is important to delineate defining point of time from oral to written history of ancient NEA. The answer to the defining point is in the etymology of Four Barbarians (四夷) and Four Music (四樂). They used the word Xi-yi (西夷) to the King Wen (文王) who is the founding father of the Western Zhou and Dong-yi (東夷) to the legendary ruler Shùn(舜) who dethroned (讓位) by himself to someone who has been concealed . However, Zhuangzi Miscellaneous Chapters Kings who have wished to resign the Throne stated that Shun went to the Xiechi pool with his family and never came back . He had been the last one to do so . Thereafter power struggle started. Beginning of the Western Zhou is the starting point of time to convert oral history to the current form of ancient scriptures based upon the legend and archaic texts.
The Shiji has that the Grand Historian had read every record generated during the era of the legendary rulers. The trusted guys were unfaithful(股肱不良), written records faded away. King wen of Zhou restored . The Book of Han reiterated the fact that there was “scripts 遺文”even before the era of legendary rulers . The Book of Jin(晉書) also has that the engraving styles hadn’t change since the Yellow Emperor to the next three regimes and Qin used it as well .
The framework of Chinese civilization was formulated from the very beginning of Western Zhou dynasty by the Zhou clan. They came from the east of Hangu-pass to the birth place of Old Joseon in the original Nine Provinces where Wu the Great with others help accomplished the mission. He transferred the governing authority to one of his senior helpers, Bo-Yi (伯益) Baek-ik by Korean . Baek-ik is the Founding Father of Old Joseon. He drew the first draft of the boundaries of mountains and creeks to control the flood. Thereafter, many others had supplemented many times. Though couldn’t be an ocean at the original Nine Provinces, they named it as the Classic of Mountains and Seas . The logogram the Sea (海, Hae) must be replaced word of similar phonetics; either “Ha河river” or “Hae解” of Xiechi-pool.
The new comer adapted harsh new policy named as Restoration (維新) which has being used by the Japanese in 1866 to consolidate central authority, one official language of the country (國語), and named the policy as the Meiji Restoration. Korean adapted the same name Restoration (維新) as well by the general Park.
Despite of those clearly written records, lots of scholars aren’t convinced, but accept the smeared fake story. Objective of this article is two folds; First is to explain a new methodology, which was extrapolated from few pertinent evidences. Second, an attempt is made to find the historical facts by applying newly designed methodology based on a series of syllogism. Details will be presented for discussion.

End

December 9, 2019